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The portable rapid heavy metal detector for water quality is suitable for detecting various water pollutants in domestic sewage, industrial wastewater, groundwater, and surface water. It is used for water quality analysis in water quality testing laboratories, municipal authorities, sewage treatment plants, environmental monitoring stations, educational and scientific research institutions, power plants, centers for disease control and prevention (CDC), as well as industries such as papermaking, electroplating, aquaculture, biopharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, coal, metallurgy, textiles, and food processing.

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Compared with reverse osmosis, another membrane separation technology introduced in recent years, electrodialysis is cheaper but has a lower desalination rate. In addition, the quality of domestic ion exchange membranes used before electrodialysis is also very stable, and their operation and management are quite convenient.

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In large-scale industrial production, large quantities of water often need to be evaporated, requiring significant energy consumption to heat the water and generate steam. To reduce steam consumption, multi-effect evaporation can be employed. Heating steam is introduced into one evaporator, where the solution boils. In multi-effect evaporation, secondary steam can be used as heating steam and introduced into another evaporator. As long as the pressure in the latter evaporator and the boiling point of the solution are lower than in the original evaporator, the introduced secondary steam can function as a heat source. Based on the flow direction of the secondary steam and the solution, multi-effect evaporation processes can be classified as: co-current flow, counter-current flow, and cross-flow flow.

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During the electrodialysis process, unlike ion exchange resins that undergo exchange reactions with certain ions in the aqueous solution, ion exchange membranes only exert a selective permeation effect on ions with different electrical properties. That is to say, ion exchange membranes do not require regeneration. The compartments composed of electrodes and membranes in the electrodialysis process are called electrode compartments, and the electrochemical reactions occurring therein are the same as ordinary electrode reactions. An oxidation reaction takes place in the anode compartment, making the anode water acidic, and the anode itself is prone to corrosion. A reduction reaction occurs in the cathode compartment, making the cathode water alkaline, and scaling easily forms on the cathode.

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In the treatment of sewage with high suspended solids (SS), the HPO-XL High-Efficiency Sewage Purifier demonstrates significant technical advantages. It eliminates the need for a pre-sedimentation tank and can continuously purify sewage with SS ≤ 5000mg/L to 5～30mg/L efficiently and rapidly. This technology can handle sewage with SS up to 10000mg/L, opening up a new path for the treatment of high-concentration coal-containing sewage, ash slag water, mine sewage, sand and gravel aggregate washing sewage, construction sewage, and sewage with high suspended solids.

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Oil substances usually exist in the following forms in wastewater:​ (1) Floating oil: The particle size of oil droplets is larger than 15 μm, and it can be easily separated from wastewater. The oil particles dispersed in wastewater are relatively large (with a particle size larger than 100 μm), making them easy to separate from wastewater. In petroleum wastewater, this type of oil accounts for 60% to 80% of the total oil content in the water.​ (2) Dispersed oil: The particle size of oil droplets is larger than 1 μm, and it is suspended in water.​ (3) Emulsified oil: The particle size of oil droplets is smaller than 1 μm. The oil particles dispersed in wastewater are extremely small and exist in an emulsified state, which makes them difficult to separate from wastewater.​ (4) Dissolved oil: It refers to the state where oil is dissolved in water.​

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Characteristics of Coking Wastewater​ The pollutants contained in coking wastewater include phenolic compounds, polycyclic aromatic compounds, and heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. It is a typical industrial wastewater containing refractory organic compounds.​ The easily degradable organic matter in coking wastewater mainly includes phenolic compounds and benzene compounds, while pyrrole, naphthalene, furan, and imidazole belong to degradable organic matter. The refractory organic matter mainly includes pyridine, carbazole, biphenyl, and terphenyl. The quality of coking wastewater varies greatly depending on the technological processes and production operation methods of different plants.​ The pretreatment methods before biological treatment are usually physical and chemical methods, such as air flotation, stripping, coagulation sedimentation, and breakpoint chlorination. The main purpose is to make the influent of the secondary biochemical treatment process meet the range of biodegradable treatment.

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Wire drawing oil is mainly used in the metal (such as copper, aluminum) wire drawing process of the wire and cable industry, playing roles in lubrication, cooling, cleaning, etc. As the working time of the wire drawing fluid increases, free acids and alkalis in the wire drawing fluid gradually accumulate, which reduces the lubricating capacity of the wire drawing fluid. In severe cases, this will cause wire breakage. At this point, the wire drawing fluid needs to be replaced, and wire drawing oil wastewater is generated accordingly. The treatment process of copper wire drawing fluid waste mainly consists of demulsification, oil-water separation, oil removal, copper removal, adjustment, and oil-water combination.